Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that develops from abnormal plasma cells a variety of white blood cell found in your bone marrow. These abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, crowding out normal blood cells and causing significant problems with your bones, immune system, and overall health.

What Is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma occurs when cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and begin to outnumber healthy blood cells. They produce abnormal proteins called M proteins or paraproteins, which build up in your body, especially affecting your kidneys and bone structure.

Key Symptoms to Watch

People with multiple myeloma may not notice symptoms in the early stages. As the disease progresses, common symptoms include:

• Bone pain (especially in the back, ribs, or hips)

• Fatigue or general weakness (often due to low red blood cell counts—anemia)

• Frequent infections (impaired immune function)

• Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite

• Kidney problems (trouble filtering waste from blood)

• Fractures or bone weakening

• Thirst, upset stomach, or constipation (from high calcium levels)

• Numbness or weakness in the arms or legs

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause is unknown, but risk factors include:

• Age over 65

• Male sex

• African American background

• Family history of multiple myeloma

• Obesity

• Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation

It often starts from a precursor condition called MGUS (Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance), which can slowly develop into multiple myeloma over time

How Is Multiple Myeloma Diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually starts with a medical history, physical examination, and routine blood tests. Doctors look for:

• Abnormal blood proteins (M proteins)

• High calcium levels

• Anemia (low red blood cell count)

• Abnormal kidney function

• Abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow

To confirm, tests may include:

• Blood and urine tests (to check for abnormal proteins)

• Bone marrow biopsy (sample of bone marrow to find cancer cells)

• Imaging studies such as X-ray, MRI, CT, or PET scans (to find bone damage or tumors).

Complications of Multiple Myeloma

• Bone damage and fractures

• Frequent or severe infections

• Kidney failure

• Anemia and increased bleeding risk

• High calcium levels, which can cause confusion, constipation, and heart problems.

Current Treatment Options

Treatment depends on stage, symptoms, age, and general health. Options typically include:

• Targeted therapy and immunotherapy

• Chemotherapy

• Corticosteroids

• Stem cell transplant (for eligible patients)

• Bisphosphonates to protect bones

• Supportive care to manage symptoms and complications

Not all patients need urgent treatment early or “smoldering” myeloma may just be monitored.

Living with Multiple Myeloma

While it’s a serious, lifelong condition, advances in treatment have improved outcomes. Many people live for years, with periods of stability between relapses. Regular follow-up, supportive care, and a healthy lifestyle are key to improving quality of life.

padmajalokireddy